{"id":383,"date":"2010-10-20T16:16:19","date_gmt":"2010-10-20T16:16:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/?p=383"},"modified":"2010-10-20T16:16:19","modified_gmt":"2010-10-20T16:16:19","slug":"leredita-del-68-bisogno-e-desiderio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/?p=383","title":{"rendered":"L&#8217;eredit\u00e0 del 68 : bisogno e desiderio"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La nozione di comunismo in Marx \u00e8 costruita su quella di \u201cbisogno\u201d. Il comunismo \u00e8 quella societ\u00e0 nella quale ognuno ricever\u00e0 secondo i suoi bisogni. Ovviamente tutti sanno che ci sono bisogni primari (mangiare, bere, vestirsi, abitare, accoppiarsi), bisogni secondari (mangiare, bere, vestirsi, abitare, accoppiarsi in modo confortevole e piacevole) e infine bisogni terziari (leggere un libro, andare in Madagascar a vedere le proscimmie, eccetera).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il comunismo non parte, come Rousseau, da un concetto naturalistico dei bisogni, ma da quello dei \u201cbisogni ricchi\u201d, che possono essere cio\u00e8 soddisfatti sulla base dello sviluppo delle forze produttive e del \u201cgeneral intellect\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ci sono, purtroppo, molti miserabilisti ascetici e invidiosi che si considerano erroneamente \u201cmarxisti\u201d, ed \u00e8 difficile far capire loro che la semplice \u201cinvidia per i ricchi\u201d non \u00e8 un fattore della coscienza comunista.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il comunismo \u00e8 la societ\u00e0 dei bisogni ricchi. Ma per parlare di \u201cbisogni\u201d \u00e8 necessario rivolgersi agli antichi Greci. I Greci, e non solo Epicuro, si erano gi\u00e0 occupati moltissimo dei bisogni, in modo generalmente non repressivo, come fecero poi i cristiani, noti autocastratori, mangiatori di cavallette e residenti su colonne.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il bisogno arricchisce l&#8217;uomo, purch\u00e9 l&#8217;uomo sia sempre il padrone. Tutto qui. Ma \u00e8 un tutto qui che implica una rivoluzione mentale gigantesca. Il \u201cdesiderio\u201d invece, proprio quello che gli strutturalisti e i neostrutturalisti(da Gilles Deleuze a Toni Negri) ritengono essere la fonte del comunismo, \u00e8 proprio l&#8217;elemento riproduttore strutturale del consumo capitalistico.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il capitalismo vive di desideri, non di bisogni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I bisogni possono essere soddisfatti, ma in questo modo si avrebbe subito una crisi di sovrapproduzione e di sottoconsumo. I desideri invece sono infiniti, illimitati e indeterminati per loro stessa natura. E&#8217; questo il segreto della produzione capitalistica, la sua nevrotica infinitezza.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Psicologi heideggeriani come Umberto Galimberti lo capiscono vagamente, anche se hanno scelto l&#8217;interiorit\u00e0 all&#8217;ombra dell&#8217; Inserto Donna de La Repubblica. I negriani invece non lo capiscono assolutamente, e continueranno a cercare la quadratura del cerchio nell&#8217;idea della rivoluzione astratta e del consumo capitalistico concreto.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ai suoi inizi, che definiremo protoborghesi, il potere capitalistico era patriarcale, in particolare verso le donne, i figli, i servitori ed i lavoranti. Essendo patriarcale, era ad un tempo paternalistico e repressivo. La psicoanalisi di Sigmund Freud \u00e8 stata ad un tempo il punto pi\u00f9 alto ed il coronamento finale di questa necessit\u00e0 protoborghese di far introiettare in modo autoritario le regole riproduttive del comportamento sociale patriarcale (teoria del Super-Io, eccetera).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ma solo gli inizi del capitalismo sono stati protoborghesi. Poi lo stesso capitalismo, a partire dalla produzione di massa fordista e poi con la personalizzazione del prodotto, ha dovuto &#8220;liberalizzare&#8221; la sua stessa morale. Una societ\u00e0 dei consumi non pu\u00f2 essere veramente repressiva. Il represso non consuma, o consuma poco. Il potere capitalistico, passata la prima fase protoborghese del paternalismo repressivo, diventa pi\u00f9 flessibile. Chi ha soldi deve poter ormai comprare tutto. Dio \u00e8 morto, e la sua morte non comporta assolutamente l&#8217;avvento dell&#8217;Oltreuomo, come credono i nicciani ingenui, ma l&#8217;avvento del Consumatore Indifferenziato.\u00a0 Se la morale protoborghese si basava sul potere patriarcale, la morale postborghese (e l&#8217;attuale capitalismo \u00e8 postborghese, anche se i marxisti non se ne sono ancora accorti, e continuano a pigliarsela con un ormai inesistente &#8220;potere borghese&#8221;) non si basa pi\u00f9 sul potere patriarcale, ma su di un <em>self-service <\/em>di consumi individuali facilitati da Internet.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il Sessantotto \u00e8 stata una svolta storica cruciale di questo passaggio da una morale protoborghese, paternalistica e repressiva, ad una morale postborghese del consumo indifferenziato e liberalizzato.<\/p>\n<p>Gian Piero Bernasconi, Presidente del Comitato Cantonale del Partito Comuninista<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La nozione di comunismo in Marx \u00e8 costruita su quella di \u201cbisogno\u201d. Il comunismo \u00e8 quella societ\u00e0 nella quale ognuno ricever\u00e0 secondo i suoi bisogni. Ovviamente tutti sanno che ci sono bisogni primari (mangiare, bere, vestirsi, abitare, accoppiarsi), bisogni secondari (mangiare, bere, vestirsi, abitare, accoppiarsi in modo confortevole e piacevole) e infine bisogni terziari (leggere un libro, andare in Madagascar a vedere le proscimmie, eccetera).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il comunismo non parte, come Rousseau, da un concetto naturalistico dei bisogni, ma da quello dei \u201cbisogni ricchi\u201d, che possono essere cio\u00e8 soddisfatti sulla base dello sviluppo delle forze produttive e del \u201cgeneral intellect\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":384,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,13],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-editoriali","category-opinione"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/383","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=383"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/383\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":386,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/383\/revisions\/386"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/384"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=383"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=383"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sinistra.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcoauthors&post=383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}